Air BnB stakeholder analysis

Real-time data Is often used for navigation or tracking. Continental use real-time data also for flight statistics (where the most valuable customers are while In flight, which ones are affected by delays and cancellations), to support Lorene security efforts, crew scheduling, crew performance, fraud detection and so on. The goal with the real-time warehousing was therefore to solve all those problems and get happy and loyal customers and employees. Some of the goals are listed below: Give employees fast information about the business and customers Flight on timeTake all of the baggage to final destination Easy booking, no overbooking – Increase services What have been shown is that the real-time Blob hasn't Just improved and completed all of the goals, Continental has even started to use the system in much broader perspective. Make a list of most valuable customers, get knowledge about their trips, what they prefer, if they got good service and if something happening with the m in the real-time and in that case give them right and direct service without them to need to ask for it. Customer facing', near and personal contact with customers example: personal letter and so on) Improve of security because of comparing data in real-time with help of the system, helped FBI with searching after possible terrorists. It also helps to track people who try to track the system. Be almost always on time because of special booking processes, use all capacity of the plains, be always updating about price changes and act from there. Continental has invested approximately $30 million Into real-time warehousing over the last six years.Of this amount, $20 million was for hardware and software expenses, and $10 million for personnel costs. Although this Investment Is significant, the quantifiable benefits from real-time warehousing are magnitudes larger. Specifically, over the last six years, Continental has realized over $500 million In Increased revenues and cost savings, resulting In a ROI of over 1,000 percent. The data warehousing group made some Important Improvements.They developed a warehouse architecture that could grow and scalar to meet these real-time and operational need, developed prototypes to show potential end users, to get them excited about data warehousing and to give them ideas about new applications that here was business benefits for each application. They also made that data warehouse operates consistent with organizational culture. The warehouse proved employees with different information so that they can do they Job better and faster. All that changes lead that new project was successful.Elements of the data warehousing environment at Continental which are necessary to support and extensive end-user Blob application development are: Data exist in the data warehouse from sources that are trusted by end users Help from data warehousing staff is readily available and friendly Metadata is kept current and is easily accessible by end users via the web Users have access to and are trained in tools to access and manipulate data Graphics are used, when appropriate, for data display, making it easier for users to understand and interpret the complicated data being presented Special issues about data warehouse management: Date and time management is amplified because of the finer granularity of data Customized views significantly improve query performance and reduce the load on the data warehouse With the extensive number of on-line, real-time users, views also revived an extra level of security against access to unauthorized data Data loads come in via many different routes and methods, so generalize components to handle data loading are used to save the effort of starting from scratch to develop each new loading process The large volume of constant data loading means that it is not humanly possible to watchful TTL processes, so automated watchdog applications are used to alert data warehouse staff via pagers wh en their attention is needed for some anomaly Data for loading are put into standardized queues, from which pre- Ritter load utilities pull data for loading into the data warehouse, no matter what the source of the data are There are data loads, tactical queries and strategic queries, each with different patterns of data warehouse use, specific priorities are given to the different types of loads against the warehouse. Priorities also change by type of day. Higher priority is given to queries that require the fewest data warehouse processing resources. I learned ten specific lessons are outlines in the Lessons Learned section. These lessons can be applied to the development of real-time data warehousing in any organization. Blab Britain

How to Create a Smash Book Essay

How to create a smash book, not a scrapbook. A smash book is a place where you can place the little things in life’ ticket stubs, magazine clips, recipes, snapshots, love letters, design ideas, pictures, and notes to self. It is faster than scrap booking and is portable too. A smash book can be made from a ringed binder or a note book or you can buy a book from k and company at a craft store or online. They are personal on each page with picture design on each that makes it unique. Before creating your smash book, know the different styles of smash books. There are twelve: simple orange, cutesy, pretty pink, retro, and smart, couture, tasty, nostalgia, doodle red, mod, 360 folio, and eco green. The simple orange smash book pages are not like the others, there a lot more plain, and simple. You can do a lot more with the pages. You can chose your â€Å"theme† easier because of the graphic pages chosen for this book in particular. The Cutesy is as described, very cute looking pages. Each page is filled with cute simple little girly things. Such as flowers or pinks and innocent looking pictures. The pretty pink is very floral and girly almost like the cutesy but different in a way because it has a lot more flower prints in it. The retro blue is designed for a retro look. If you like typography you will love this one. If you can’t help to tap your foot to the beat you will love this one because that is what this smash book is all about. It has a sense of humor to it, and it is my personal favorite. The smart smash book is covered with school inspired images and graphics. In comes in a studious style. It is great for school related things. However, the couture smash book is fun, shiny and very fashion like, with lots of color. It is a lot of girl’s favorites. The Tasty smash book is covered with food inspired pages. Original illustrations and hand lettering design, you can make this in a snap. The nostalgia style is also filled with school filled original illustrations and hand lettering designs. However not as a clean slate of a look as the smart smash book. The Doodle red smash book is filled with an artsy enthusiasm. Mod smash book is a hip style. This smash book is covered with clean lines and patterns. The 360 folio is filled with pages for everyday of the year. Lastly, the Eco green smash book is filled with easy breezy graphics, and nature loving images. Nonetheless you can’t forget when you buy your book, you need to get things/accessories to decorate it. Next, you’ll need to have simple things to decorate your smash book, such as: decorative tape, chipboard pieces, letters, stickers, souvenirs, ribbon, sequins, pockets, envelopes, brads, scissors, glue, scrapbook paper, color pencils, and pens. None the less you will want to use 3d embellishments, alphabet stickers, glitter, stickers maybe by big ideas, paper studio, and k and company. Gemstone are great to use. Border punch, ink pad by color box, distressed ink, and stamp by stampabilities, and patterned paper. After you get the smash book accessories, decorate the cover- it is the best way to decorate the cover by putting your favorite saying on the front using chipboard pieces. You could put what your smash book â€Å"theme† is about if you have one. Or you can just decorate the front cover by doodling on it, if you desire just to do that instead. If you made your own smash book out of a three ring binder, add scrapbook paper to your book on every page. Make it creative. You don’t need to just have one color or design per page. Mix it up and use different sizes and different colors. Don’t worry about this if you bought your smash book though. Meanwhile, you will want to sort out all your stuff into desired categories. You might want to sort them out into categories such as: concerts, journals, notes, travel, friends, family, school, ideas, pictures, clips, whatever it may be, categorizing them will help you when smashing them in your book. Add photos to your page. Use decorative tape and then add your souvenirs. Pockets and envelopes are great for holding big things. Next you want to decorate the page. Don’t over decorate too much. Then it will look overwhelming. But if you under decorate it will look very boring. Very un-creative. Since smash products are the best thing when decorating your smash book; sometimes it’s all you need. Smash captions are ready to stick, all you have to do is write your caption in. Smash flag clips, clips to attach photos, notes and more. Smash pads allow you to voice your opinion or jot something down, then smash it in. Smash date stamp, is exactly what it says a date stamp but with sayings like â€Å"I’m a hot mess†, or â€Å"today is†, â€Å"I love this†! With the date next to it. Smash tape is tape with a design on it, so you can be creative. Smash tape can hold your photos in place or even a feather? Who knows? Next is smash pockets, which are great for holding the bigger things like brochures and things like that. Smash bands, hold your smash book together. And your pens even closer. Now take your desired category you want to smash, your glue and pen and smash it in. Use your date stamp and date it if you would like. Add a smash caption too, some smash tape to hold in a picture that is a memory you want to keep! Some stickers, and writings of your own even drawings will work too if your artistic. Remember, this smash book isn’t a scrapbook. It doesn’t have to be all clean and neat. It’s not just about the pictures. It about the thought, a jot a feather that’s caught, it’s the idea that matters! Everything you have been keeping in that junk drawer for years, let it come out. Have fun with it. Don’t let it hide, and smash it! . It is easy to take along, anywhere you go. It has to time limit. It doesn’t take hours. So smash away and have fun, just remember those steps . Just choose your smash book style, or create your own, have the simple things to create your own, get the smash accessories, sort out all your stuff into categories and then smash it in and decorate your page to your desire.

Cold War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cold War - Research Paper Example Beginning in 1947 and lasting until 1991, the Cold War can be defined as the sustained state of military, as well as political, tensions that existed between western hemisphere countries and their NATO allies and the Eastern hemisphere that was dominated by countries in the Warsaw Pact dominated by the USSR1. Following the success of the wartime alliance formed temporarily against Hitler’s Nazi Germany, the only two superpowers in global affairs were the United States and the Soviet Union. However, these two countries had profound differences in their political and economic ideologies, and this led to the beginning of the Cold War. The Second World War had a profound effect on global politics, with the early efforts of leaders in the US and the USSR attempting to shape the international system that was emerging after the war. In my opinion, the beginning of the Cold War can be traced from encouragement made by the Europeans, especially the British. Their encouragement of the U nited States to make their policy tougher towards the USSR was vital in the beginning. From my reading of the article, The Origins of Post War America, I believe that former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill reinforced this policy during his iron curtain speech2. As Americans, we decided to pursue this policy because it would advance our interests, which resulted in the French, British, and other Western European countries joining us in the sphere of influence. Free elections in these European countries worked towards ratifying the support of Western Europe governments for us. However, the CIA, through its support for anti-communist intellectual organizations and labor unions, did manipulate the outcomes somewhat. From being egged on by the Europeans, we as a country took over the resistance to the communist Eastern Bloc to head it and influence the European powers3. For those European countries that immediately were not up to standard such as Turkey, Greece, and Spain, we us ed economic leverage. As a country, we projected an image of minimal constraint, economic robustness, and civility that highly contrasted with that of imperial USSR, and so began the Cold War in earnest. Following the devastation that was meted on Europe and large parts of the Soviet Union by the war, our country’s promise of democracy reverberated across the world. The United States emerged from the war as the only major country that had escaped massive damage. While we faced a period of reconversion, our European allies faced a period of reconstruction4. The war had completely overturned the old order and two countries arose from the rubble, the US and USSR. Together, we were eager to seize the opportunity to extend our influence, and we clashed over policies of occupation in Korea, Austria, Japan, Italy, and Germany. This led to a new bi-polar structure, which ensured that the decisions we made determined the manner in which other countries made their decisions. However, t he bi-polar nature of the world was more of an asymmetry than a balance, as we held predominant power that enabled us to build up even more5. Our economy was also much stronger than all the rest and our power as a country arose because all other nations were weakened. The atomic bomb, which effectively ended the Second World War, ensured that the nuclear race continued to destabilize the world during the Cold War as we and the USSR looked for, ways to deal with it as atomic development programs spurred on. The bomb throughout the Cold War period was uncontrolled, copied, and envied, making it a major obstacle to getting peace in the postwar international system6. The issue of how to control to use, spread and development of the atom bomb dogged the entire period. Our government was worried that our monopoly would end with an increase of nuclear proliferation. These fears were further intensified with the successful trial of an atom bomb by the USSR in 1949. The weapon turned to be a way for various countries to pry concessions or deter

Exploration of a chemotherapy regime used for head and neck cancers Essay

Exploration of a chemotherapy regime used for head and neck cancers and its side effect- mucositis - Essay Example In this regard, chemotherapy is regarded as one of the effective treatments, which is readily accessible for combatting against cancer. It is often viewed to be an anti-cancer drug, which is used to damage cancer cells. This treatment is offered with the objective of minimising the growth as well as the development of cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs are injected in the veins of a human body that circulates in the blood throughout the body, so that they are able to reach the cancer cells effectively. In relation to the case of head along with neck cancers, chemotherapy treatment would be applicable with the assistance of radiotherapy in a combined manner. The aforementioned combined treatment for cancer is recognised as chemo radiation. Chemotherapy treatment is offered to shrink tumours before surgery. The most common chemotherapy drugs that are offered for combatting against neck and head cancers are Cisplatin and 4 day 5-fluorouracil. ... mucositis. Chemotherapy Regimen in relation to Cisplatin and 4 day 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapy treatment in relation to Cisplatin and 4 day 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is offered to patients with head and neck cancer after conducting a blood test. On ascertaining that the result of blood test is normal, the chemotherapy drugs are prepared. The nurses insert catheter or ‘peripherally inserted central catheters’ (PICC) line in a vein nearby the collarbone or in the arms of human body. The patients suffering with head or neck cancer are offered with anti-sickness drugs through the line before the infusion of Cisplatin and 5FU (Macmillan Cancer Support, 2012). The chemotherapy treatments are offered for mitigating cancer in different ways. There are certain procedures or plans on the basis of which treatments are offered to cancer patients in an effective manner so that damaged cells are restricted to grow uncontrollably. Additionally, following a particular regimen will eventually facilitate in combatting against the significant concern of cancer. In this regard, one of the most appropriate chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of head and neck cancers is to the follow a mentioned schedule. In this context, in the first day of the chemotherapy treatment, a patient having neck and head cancer is provided with Cisplatin infusion combined with pre and post hydration. After the infusion of Cisplatin, the patient is then infused with 5FU. The 5FU infusion has an effect for four days. The patients having central or PICC line are allowed to leave for home with a portable pump after the infusion of Cisplatin and 5FU. Contextually, the patients with the attached portable pump should return to the medical centre and with the assistance of a nurse, are required to get the pump

Final Exam Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Final Exam - Speech or Presentation Example the three-week training program, and then were tested again.  The dataset also includes (1) a measure of participant confidence in knowledge and (2) a certification exam score. The data are discipline-neutral. Therefore, part of your final project is to create a context for the research that is associated with your discipline or area of interest (e.g., training to assess mental health status; training to work with special education children; training to become a technician or consultant).   This work is an investigation into the impact of a training program on the knowledge base of three categories of employees. The employees are classified as professionals, paraprofessionals and non-professionals. The objective is to evaluate the impact of the training on the knowledge base of the employees in the various categories and establish whether the training had significant impact on the performance of each category. There is high consistency among all variables with the assumptions of normality. For example, the absolute skewness values are all within the range 0

You can choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You can choice - Essay Example This essay is a rhetorical review of the film â€Å"Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles†. Movie producer Jon Foy creates the movie, Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles with the intention of finding out the person responsible with placing tiled messages of resurrecting the dead in various streets of U.S and South America. These Toynbee tiles are hundreds of roughly lettered tiles fixed using tar to pavements and sidewalks in numerous cities in U.S.A and in three South American cities. Toynbee tiles appearance might be in the year 1983 and they seem to bear the same message ‘TOYNBEE IDEA, IN MOVIE 2001, RESURRECT DEAD, PLANET JUPITER. In this idiosyncratic and obstinate documentary, Jon Foy intends to find out the person responsible for creating and placing these Toynbee tiles at the various places they have been spotted. The film tries to achieve its purpose by employing the characters of three young men obsessed with the urge of finding out the artist behind the Toynbee tiles. The three characters go through various strange experiences in their mission. They encountered various peculiar places, among them addresses in south Philadelphia, a convention of ham radio operators and a passage in an old Philadelphia Inquirer. At one instance, Duerr walks out of a Philadelphia deli at around 3.am and happens to find a new tile fixed at that place a few minutes ago. He goes around the area shouting, â€Å"Toynbee Idea! I agree!† (Resurrect Dead), but he are unlucky and cannot spot any the person who fixed the tile. They succeed in finding one person who they suspect is responsible with placing these tiles. The suspect’s neighbor confirms indeed that he is the person responsible with placing the tiles. The film is generally interesting with various scenes succeeding in creating suspense as the trio track down the tile progenitor. The use of narratives in this film is however

The Human Aspects of Project Management and its Influence on Project Essay

The Human Aspects of Project Management and its Influence on Project Performance - Essay Example In the book Leading Change, Kotter has used the word urgency to describe the first phase so as to get a head start into the process of project management. This has to do with taking stock of competitive and market realities with a focus on crises and opportunities. (Kotter, 1996; Pp 242 - 340) This has been paralleled in Organizational Behavior and Management through a focus on competitive advantage which can be described as follows: (Ivancevich et al, 2004; Pp 49 - 53) This brings us to a discussion on the technicalities of the model proposed by Porter. Porters Five Forces model provides suggested points under each main heading. When taken into consideration individually, each of these gives rise to the development of a broad and sophisticated analysis of competitive position. (Barney, 2007; Pp 10 - 34) This may further be used during the creation of a strategy, plans, or even where making investment decisions about a business or organization is concerned. These five competitive forces determine industry profitability and attractiveness apart from being responsible for shaping the prices that firms can charge, the costs they have to bear, and the required investments to engage in industry level competition. We are concerned with the fact that Porter’s essentially ahistorical approach cannot provide a full account of either a nation’s competitive advantage and corporate strategies or the growth and development of industrial clusters. (Porter, 1998; Pp 35 - 42) According to Kotter, this phase has to do with teamwork and leadership with a focus on integrating the two so as to bring out the best in each individual employee. (Kotter, 1996; Pp 242 - 340) To begin with, the way Ivancevich et al have described the principles of teamwork closely resembles the principles of scientific management as laid down by F W Taylor. Developed by Frederick W Taylor in the early 20th century, Scientific Management is a science based system of organizing the

Tay-sachs disease Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tay-sachs disease - Case Study Example The type of information that the Trosacks would get from each member would definitely be markedly different. For example, the nurse would probably be available in a capacity that was strictly in order to help Mrs. Trosack learn more about her pregnancy and the practical issues that might arise with the responsibilities she were to accept the challenge to be a mother to a Tay-Sachs child. In terms of the geneticist, the geneticist would be able to logically explain why their unborn child has Tay-Sachs, not to mention how he or she would genetically break down the facts in order to help explain to the couple about how the recessive gene on the paternal side needs to be available for both parents to be carriers. The doctor would probably talk about the main effects of the illness on the child and what kind of treatment would be needed. The chaplain would be available for moral support. 2. Teaching Plan For the Trosacks’ Initial a. Genetic Diagnosis The diagnosis of Tay-Sachs is, fortunately, one clear-cut fact. According to NINDS Tay-Sachs Disease Information Page (2011), â€Å"Patients and carriers of Tay-Sachs disease can be identified by a simple blood test that measures beta-hexosaminidase A activity. Both parents must carry the mutated gene in order to have an affected child. [Given these circumstances, usually] there is a 25 percent chance†¦that [their] child will be affected with Tay-Sachs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pgh. 2). b. Treatment The treatment of Tay-Sachs is probably going to be aggressive in nature.

MARKETING FUNDAMENDALS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

MARKETING FUNDAMENDALS - Essay Example Here we will conduct a customer analysis of the markets of Sainsbury's which is the most established supermarket brand in UK. 1 The macro environment of any organization mainly consists of four factors: Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological factors. In order to analyze the macro-environment PEST Analysis is used. In order to understand the influence of factors in the macro-environment upon the consumer behavior of Sainsbury, we will have to undertake the PEST Analysis of Sainsbury. The market of Sainsbury's is mainly the economy and premium customers of UK. In order to understand the affect of macro factors on Sainsbury we will have to study the macro factors of UK. We will proceed as follows: The political environment in UK is one of the most stable in the whole world. There is a Kingdome rule in it for centuries which lead to a well balanced achievement of successful government rules in the country. In order to control the trading system in the country the government has made many regulatory authorities. These authorities ensure the healthy, well-balanced priced, environmental friendly etc aspects of the various business industries in the country. e.g. in January 2007, the government put a lot of pressure on the supermarket and retail industry to cut short the packaging materials as they were adding to the household waste in country. This step was taken in response to the mounted anger among customers who were facing environmental hazards due to a lot of wasted packaging materials. The Independent moved an anti-waste campaign to reduce customers' worries about packaging waste handling and the government fully supported it. The Office of Fair Trading, Food Standards Agency, and Trading Standards Central Agency etc are various regulatory bodies established by the government in order to provide the consumers a safe and well-aware purchasing environment. Such regulatory authorities not only control the various aspects of product/ service qualities of industries but also offer education to the consumers for making informed-buying. There exists a Supermarket Code of Conduct in the country which deals with the relationships of supermarkets and their dealers. It safeguards the interest of the dealers. Economic factors: The economic condition of the country and the pricing strategies of competitors can have a direct impact upon the sales and costs of the Sainsbury's business. The economic condition of UK is very stable and it has been ranked as the 7th most stable and prosperous country in the whole world in a most recent one year analysis of 235 countries. It has even superseded the United States of America which is placed at 22nd position. It shows a growth and stability in the household disposable income of the customers in the coming five years which directly impacts the sales growth. The economical strength of UK depicts the strong purchasing power of the customers indirectly. The customers have a study level of earning and income and therefore can purchase premium products of good quality from any good supermarket in the country. The recent increase in terrorist attacks in the country has posed a greater risk to the sustainability

High school versus college Essay Example for Free

High school versus college Essay Going to College after so many years made me realize how different high school is from College. In fact, many students that attend College straight after high school quit after their first semester of College due to the changes and difficulties encountered. There are various reasons why College differs from high school. However, knowing the expectations and the culture of College in comparison to high school would help in a more successful transition. College differs from high school in many ways. However, students should begin their transition to College by first looking at not only what to expect from College; but also what College will expect from them. As a college education is very important step to reach personal aspirations in the workplace and life. First of all, College offers an opportunity to learn independently. Unlike high school, College students can function with little guidance from their professors. As a result, College students have to develop many self management skills such as getting to school on time, turning projects by deadlines, being able to use electronic materials for the syllabus, class outlines, online classes or assignments. Secondly, College has a faster pace than high school. Each college course is twice faster than high school courses. In addition, College course usually requires more reading, more homework, and more projects. The workload is totally higher and faster and requires more time to study. The College books have more words per page, thus more chapters than the high school books. The language used in the textbooks is more difficult and requires more time to study. Unlike high school which has specific school hours 5 days a week excluding weekends; College on the other hands offer more out of class time. Students can choose to go to school any time based on their chosen schedule whether is day, night or weekends. As a result of this freedom, College students have to learn to manage their time effectively. In addition, all high schools students must take the same basic classes in order to graduate such as English, Mathematics, Sciences, Physical education, world history, economics, foreign languages and other elective. College students on the other hand can take any classes based on their academic major. Most college freshmen start with beginning classes such as English, writing, speech, and Mathematics then they can choose any other required course based on their academic field of study. College students also have higher level of thinking than high school students. They are able to do research on a topic and ideas as well as analyzing others ideas and interpreting and evaluating data from any given source. High school students on the other hands can only summarize and take ideas from others. Some of College student’s classes unlike high school class require research papers, presentation, and discussion in front of the whole class and sometimes peer evaluation. Although College culture differs widely from high school culture, students can also succeed with improved effort and practice. Whether students attend College straight from high school or its equivalents; or attending College after many years of working, going to college offers an opportunity to grow and to achieve goals. No matter what the background or motivation, being a College student will provide an opportunity to improve life and reach personal aspirations.

The Whaling And Whale Watching Industry Tourism Essay

The Whaling And Whale Watching Industry Tourism Essay The ecotourism industry, once a niche market for the environmentally concerned travellers is getting more popular in the recent years and the number of tourists participating in this particular tourism segment is increasing (Wood, 2001). Ecotourism initially describe the nature-based travel to relatively undisturbed areas with education as the main purpose. Through the years, the concept of ecotourism has matured to a definition that should comprise of a few elements including nature-based, active participation, progressive education travel, interpretation of natural environments, social and cultural components, involvement and returns for the local community and also the management to be ecologically and environmentally sustainable (Parks, Parks, Allen, 2009). In ecotourism, the activities can range from a few hours of nature appreciation to a long duration tour that will take months. This includes activities such as presentation of the marine biology on a cruise (cetacean-watching), a guided tour in a national park, snorkelling and many more. The main objective of this essay is to further discuss whale-watching, a type of cetacean watching, around the world and if this activity is affecting the behaviours of the whales population near the coastal area. Whale-watching Whale-watching is a commercial activity that is carried out by the tourists to observe, swim with and/or listen to the whales in their natural habitat. These activities are normally for recreation purpose; however whale-watching can also serve scientific and educational purpose. During the past years, a phenomenal growth for whale watching as tourism activity has been observed around the world. This particular activity has involved an estimated of 9 million participants yearly in 87 countries and generates approximately US$1 billion each year (Hoyt, 2000) With the lucrative profit from obtainable from whale-watching activity, this have led to heated debates on the whale-watching and whaling industry. It has been argued that whaling is incompatible with whale-watching (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009). In a survey conducted, it was found out that 91.4% of whale-watching tourists would not go to countries whereby they hunt whales for commercial purpose to engage in whale watching; and that 79% of them would even boycott visiting the country (Parsons and Rawles, 2003, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)). A few of the more popular sites for whale-watching includes: Kaikoura, New Zealand; Tofino and Telegraph Cove, in British Columbia, Canada; Ogata and Ogasawara, Japan; Friday Harbour, Washington, USA; Hervey Bay, Byron Bay, and Monkey Mia, Australia; Husavik, Iceland and many more. According to Hoyt (2000), the most common focal species for whale-watching industries are the humpback whales, gray whales, northern and southern right whales, blue whales, minke whales, sperm whales, short-finned pilot whales, orcas and bottlenose dolphin. Despite the benefits obtained from whale-watching activity, operators should take caution while carrying out these activities as the recreational activities in the inshore water can pose a major threat to the whales and dolphins. The threats can due to direct cause such as injuries due to accidental cuts by the boatà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s propeller, or an indirect stress to them from the high frequency sounds made by the vesselà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s motor. In order to prevent such harms towards the animals, the operators should follow by the marine code of conduct in order to protect the animalà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s welfare. There are different set of code of conduct that are used across the world but the common rules found in these code includes maintaining a certain distance from the animals, maintain a predictable course and speed when near the animals and also move away if signs of disturbance are displayed by the animals. However, is it sufficient to just adhere to the code of conduct and should there be more actions to be undertaken by the government to aid in the sustainability of this tourism activity. Several studies have been carried out throughout several regions to discuss more on the issues of the whale-watching activities and whether this activity is sustainable. Literature Reviews Whaling and Whale-Watching Debates have been going on worldwide on the issue on whether whaling can co-exist with whale-watching in a region. It has been stated that there is an urgent need to evaluate the cultural and the environmental values of the tourists and find out what are the factors that attracts or discourages them from participating in whale-watching activity (Higham, 2007 and Lusseau, 2008, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)). However, there are rebuttal on such claims, indicating that the fact whereby countries such as Iceland, Japan and Norway all engage in active whaling and yet have whale-watching activities within their countries and thus it is not valid to argue that whaling and whale-watching are incompatible (Corkeron, 2006, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)). According to Parson and Draheim (2009), the tourists whom participated in cetacean tourism tend to hold strong environmental values and thus may have very strong sentiments against whaling. Also, tourism receipts is the major source of economic income for the Dominican Republic, any activity that may affects the stability of this income could have major impacts within the country. The study also shows that with a highly visible national policy towards cetacean conservation, and opposition to the hunting and capture of cetaceans, it would be beneficial in attracting tourists to the country, whereas a visible pro-whaling policy might repel the tourists (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009). Higham and Lusseau, (2008) also state that the answer to whether whaling and whale-watching activity can coexist depends largely in the perceptions, values and behaviours of the tourists themselves. Effects of whale-watching on the animals Despite the lucrative profits that can be obtained from whale-watching activity, the well-being of the animals involved in the activity, which mainly includes the cetaceans should be emphasised, which thus leads to increasing number of studies focusing on whether the whale-watching activity will cause disturbance to the animals. Disturbance in this case is defined as the negative influence that interferes with the natural behaviour of cetaceans and has a harmful outcome (Ritter, 2003, cited in (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009)). One of such studies was carried out in the whale-watching site at New South Wales (NSW). The main focus of whale-watching in NSW is the humpback whales, although there are also tours to watch other marine mammals such as dolphins and seals. Most of the watching will occur during the whaleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s southern migration when the whales move much slower than on their passage northwards. Signs of disturbance in the humpback whales around the world include orientation away from the vessel, increased in swimming speeds, prolonged submergence and changes in the respiration behaviour and such avoidance behaviour are observed in this study (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009). As this study is a short term study, it cannot be used to conclude that such avoidance behaviours will cause any detrimental outcome for the whales involved. However, the possibilities of inducing negative long-term effects onto the whales due to the reduction of the time spent foraging; resting, socializing or suckling should not be ignored. Conservative approach on the management of the humpback whale-watching industry should be adopted to ensure that the short term impacts that was discovered in this study does not translate to the long term impacts (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009). Another study has been done on the killer whales to find out the behavioural responses of this species towards the whale-watching boats. It was stated that with the exposure of millions of the tourists to the animals in their natural environment, this may change the attitudes towards the protection of the critical habitat and threatened populations. Guidelines for whale-watching should be based on the actual impacts of the human activity on the whale behaviour instead of the perceived effects. Once again, it have being emphasised that when a whale is been disturbed, it shows sign of avoidance either by varying the duration of its dives, or by swimming faster or altering the direction of swimming. Antagonistic behaviours such as slapping flukes or fins on the surface of the water may also be displayed. Since the changes in behaviours of the whales are observed when boats are near, management of whale-watching should adopt more conservative distance guidelines to present even greater b enefit to the animals (Williams, Trites, Bain, 2002). Sustainability of whale-watching As mentioned above, whale-watching industry has enjoyed a phenomenal growth and brings in lucrative profit for the community that carries out this activity. With that, there are more participants in this industry and hence leading to an increasing number of regulations and guidelines that were developed in an attempt to ensure the sustainability of the industry. The need to develop appropriate guidelines for the commercial whale-watching activities should be attend to. Also, with the limited data available on the species and their behaviours there will be an urgent need to develop new knowledge and understanding to help guide management of the industry (Valentine, Birtles, Curnock, Arnold, Dunstan, 2004). The sustainability of the whale-watching activity and its associated benefits could be significantly affected by the changes in the occurrence of the local cetacean species in response to the global climate change. Global climate change refers to the net change in climate over time which is a consequence of either natural variability or human activity. It has been identified that both direct and indirect means by which changing of the sea surface temperature could affect the cetacean distribution. With that, it can cause the change in range of species distribution, the occurrence and abundance of individuals and the timing and lengths of migrations; the effects on reproductive success and mortality levels. The above have clearly shown the potential implications for both cetacean species and whale-watching tourism (Lambert, Hunter, Pierce, MacLeod, 2010). Findings Studies on the operations of the whale-watching activities in two different regions, New Zealand and Iceland have been done. Whale-watching in New Zealand At Kaikoura, New Zealand, the male sperm whales are the primary focus for the commercially important whale-watching industry. With the growing industry, there is an increase in the concerns over the social, educational and environmental impacts of whale-watching on both the local human and whale populations. The cetacean relies on echolocation for foraging and communication, hence these species becomes exceptionally vulnerable to changes in their acoustic environment. For example, the addition of anthropogenic sound sources via the boats presence (research boat and whale-watching boats) results in a reduction of the mean blow interval of the whales. These tendencies to shorten breath are due to the stress respond by the animals (Richter, Dawson, Slooten, 2006). On top of the decreased respiratory periods, shorter surfacing intervals and sharp directional changes have also been identified as potentially unacceptable changes in behaviour. The above are evidences that are enough to suggest that the whale-watching industry in Kaikoura is having an adverse effect on the whales (Curtin, 2003). Whale-watching in Iceland In Iceland the whale-watching industry did not begin until 1990 and the country is becoming a major player rapidly within the international whale-watching market (Parsons Rawles, 2010). As the coastal water of Iceland host a variety of cetacean species which includes the humpback whales, minke whales, blue whales and killer whales that are the target of whale-watching operations. Although the whaling activity in the Icelandic waters had ceased in 1989, but then whaling resumes during 2003 despite there is no legal process for that. The Icelandic government did little consideration on how the resume of the commercial whaling might impact on the whale-watching industry. And through the studies, it was discovered that the resumption of commercial whaling could cause a massive and critical reduction in the number of whale-watching tourist going on whale-watching trips in Iceland which in turn results in a loss of direct income (Parsons Rawles, 2010). Since whale-watching is currently the pillar of the Icelandic economy, thus care must be taken so that the Icelandic government does not destroy it. Analysis Through the reviews of the studies that have been done on the whale-watching activity in various regions, particularly New Zealand and Iceland, it can be concluded that the whale-watching industry is a growing industry that is bound to bring in high revenue for the community that is conducting such activities. However, the whale-watching activity that is being carried out can cause disturbance to the cetaceans in the regions which leads to the change in behaviours of these animals. These changes in behaviours can cause adverse effect on the animals. On top of that, the whale-watching activity might cause direct injuries to these animals through the cuts by the propeller of the boats. Another issue is that commercial whaling should not coexist with the whale-watching activity. As it has been found out that most of the whale-watchers are very environmentally motivated and they display great interest in the animal welfare issues (Parsons Rawles, 2010). Since majority of the whale-watchers have voiced out that they would boycott visiting a country that conducts hunts for cetaceans, places with whale-watching activity should consider with care regarding the implementation of whaling activity in the region since whale-watching can bring in high revenue for the destination and that introduction of whaling might bring down the benefit of whale-watching. Recommendation Voluntary approaches are being considered as an important tool for the conservation and environmental management. The voluntary approaches towards conservation can include agreements between regulatory agencies and private enterprise, agreements among the industrial firms, or code of conduct within a professional or industrial group (Wiley, Moller, Pace III, Carlson, 2008). Voluntary agreement to the operational procedures can be established for commercial whale-watching vessels that are used to view the endangered or protected species of whales. Guidelines can be created to avoid whale strikes and to prevent the whale-watching boats from disrupting the animals. This is important as in some of the areas, commercial whale-watching boats have a relatively high frequency of collisions with the whales, contributing high noise levels around the whales, disrupting whale behaviour and reducing the reproductive fitness of the whale (Wiley, Moller, Pace III, Carlson, 2008). Besides the use of voluntary approach, collaborative relationships can be established between the whale-watching companies and the related organizations and individuals that make up the organizational field. These collaborations can play an important role in structuring the relationships and understandings of members of the field (Lawrence, Phillips, Hardy, 1999). By collaboration, it refers to a cooperative, inter-organisational relationship that is negotiated in an ongoing communicative method. Science education Conclusion

What Is Happy Smoke? :: essays research papers

Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the hemp plant. You may hear marijuana called by street names such as pot, herb, weed, grass, boom, Mary Jane, gangster, or chronic. There are more than 200 slang terms for marijuana. Sinsemilla (sin-seh-me-yah; it's a Spanish word), hashish ("hash" for short), and hash oil are stronger forms of marijuana. All forms of marijuana are mind-altering. In other words, they change how the brain works. They all contain THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), the main active chemical in marijuana. They also contain more than 400 other chemicals. Marijuana's effects on the user depend on the strength or potency of the THC it contains. THC potency of marijuana has increased since the 1970s but has been about the same since the mid-1980s. Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette (called a joint or a nail) or in a pipe or a bong. Recently, it has appeared in cigars called blunts. THC in m arijuana is strongly absorbed by fatty tissues in various organs. Generally, traces (metabolites) of THC can be detected by standard urine testing methods several days after a smoking session. However, in heavy chronic users, traces can sometimes be detected for weeks after they have stopped using marijuana. There are many reasons why some children and young teens start smoking marijuana. Most young people smoke marijuana because their friends or brothers and sisters use marijuana and pressure them to try it. Some young people use it because they see older people in the family using it. Others may think it's cool to use marijuana because they hear songs about it and see it on TV and in movies. Some teens may feel they need marijuana and other drugs to help them escape from problems at home, at school, or with friends. The effects of the drug on each person depend on the user's experience, as well as: how strong the marijuana is (how much THC it has); what the user expects to happen; where (the place) the drug is used; how it is taken; and whether the user is drinking alcohol or using other drugs. Some people feel nothing at all when they smoke marijuana. Others may feel relaxed or high. Sometimes marijuana makes users feel thirsty and very hungry - an effect called "the munchies." Some users can get bad effects from marijuana. They may suffer sudden feelings of anxiety and have paranoid thoughts.

Gun Control: Is It A Problem? :: Second Amendment The Right To Bear Arms

Ten-thousand, five-hundred, twenty-seven people die a year in a handgun related incidents in the United States. This number, by far, out weighs those gun related deaths in countries such as Sweden, Great Britain, and Japan, which number 13, 22, and 87 respectively. What is the reason for such drastic differences in numbers? The latter mentioned countries have stricter gun control laws and they require bare arm safety courses. These laws have a direct relationship to the number of gun deaths which occur each year from country to country. Perhaps if the U.S. would adopt some of those laws the number of deaths would drop accordingly. Winthrop addressed such a dilemma almost 350 years ago in his "Speech to the General Court" in 1645. Winthrop's two main problems were where do the rights of people stop and the magistrates' authority begin. According to Winthrop, people are naturally evil, and if left to their own devices, they will become even worse. Therefore, authority is a necessity. This same principle holds true for gun control. People here in the U.S. have the "right to bare arms," but with that right comes responsibility. As an American with that right you're not free to shoot anyone or anything at will. Government should create laws to protect the rights of others. I believe stricter gun control laws and better education on the use of guns is necessary. People of the U.S. aren't as rigidly regulated by gun laws compared to our European neighbors. In the United States it takes anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks to get a permit to carry a handgun. However, in most crimes committed with a handgun, the gun isn't even licensed. More authority is necessary to control the illegal handling of handguns. In England, guns which are permitted for hunting are required to be signed out, purpose of use stated, and the type of gun. I also feel the person requesting a permit should first be educated on the proper use, cleaning, and handling of a firearm. This would help to avoid any accidental shootings from occurring. They should be made aware of all the laws regarding the handling of firearms. To some this may seem severe. But as I stated earlier, these stricter laws do affect the difference between the U.S. and Europe in the amount of handgun related deaths. In these controversial issues about gun control, it is my opinion that the United States should have stricter gun obtaining laws. If a criminal was convicted for a gun related crime, he should be unable to purchase a gun.

Apartheid Sources Question Essay

Part 2: Explain whether any one of the factors in the list was more important than the others. The ending of white minority rule in South Africa was down to a mixture of all of these points. Without all of these points, the ending of the majority rule might not have happened. All of the points form the international isolation all of the way up to the actions of De Klerk contributed to the end of the majority rule. However, if I had to put them into order of importance, I would say that Mandela’s actions were the most important, closely followed by the actions of De Klerk. Nelson Mandela was the one most involved with the ending of the majority rule, as he has the most links with the different points. Firstly, Mandela was responsible for the organization of the MK, and for many of the other ANC movements and many other black protests. He was an inspiration for many of the protests and riots even when he was in prison. If he hadn’t have done any of these things in the first place, then the government would not have imprisoned him, and then he would not have gained the international and political attention that he did while he was in prison. This international and political awareness of the problems in South Africa that Nelson Mandela caused also brought around the economic sanctions. The sanctions and the vast disinvestments had put South Africa’s economy into considerable trouble, and this is what drove De Klerk to realise that the Apartheid had to be stopped. If he had not realised this, then he would not have come to power in South Africa, and he would not have released Mandela from prison, starting the negotiations that led to the CODESA talks. De Klerk was also pressured into these actions by the increased violence caused by black protests and riots after Mandela’s release. Again, if Mandela had not have been around, the inspiration would not have been there, the MK would not have been set up, and who knows what would have happened. Another link with Mandela is the fact that De Klerk decided to talk to him instead of one of the other black rights leaders around at the time. This is down to the fact that De Klerk saw Mandela as someone he could compromise with him, a reasonable man who would see things fairly, and would not solely be out for revenge. If Mandela had not of been perceived like this by De Klerk, then it is possible that De Klerk would have followed the same route as his predecessors had, and he could have just continued with the idea of apartheid, and white minority rule. Therefore, without all of Mandela’s actions, De Klerk would not have been as effective in the ending of white minority rule in South Africa, the economic sanctions might not have been used as early as they were, or to such a great extent, and the pressure from the black protests would not have been as strong as it was. However, along with Mandela’s actions, the other factors had to take place themselves, and without these, the end of the white minority rule would not have been reached when it was.

Ethics, Moral Character and Authentic Essay

The four components of authentic transformational leadership (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration) are constrasted with their counterfeits in the dissembling pseudotransformational leadership on the basis of 1) the moral character of the leaders and their concerns for self and others; 2) the ethical values embedded in the leaders’ vision, articulation, and program, which followers can embrace or reject; and 3) the morality of the processes of social ethical choices and action in which the leaders and followers engage and collectively pursue. The literature on transformational leadership is linked to the long-standing literature on virtue and moral character, as exemplified by Socratic and Confucian typologies. It is linked, as well, to the major themes of the modern Western ethical agenda: liberty, utility and distributive justice Deception, sophistry, and pretense are examined alongside issues of transendence, agency, trust, striving for the congruence of the values, cooperative action, power, persuasion, and corporate governance to establish the strategic and moral foundations of authentic transformational leadership. Contracts can be skewed in favor of those with more resources, contacts and â€Å"bargaining power. † People often appreciate leadership which points the way out of dilemmas whether it comes from others within their own collective or from external authority. Leaders as divergent in their politics as Mao Zedong and Shimon Peres agreed that the task of leadership is to sense the problems of their followers and to articulate solutions which satisfied their interests. Rost, reminiscent of Nozick and Rand, asks for leader-follower distinctions be erased to reach true participative democracy. Burns (1998) partially agrees and would substitute for leaders and followers, initiators, supporters and opponents. But the counterarguments are that if everyone in a group is responsible for its leadership, no one is responsible. Furthermore, if a group is initially leaderless, the members compete with each other for leadership. One or more leaders emerge who initiate and propose more than the other members. Followers emerge who are responsive to the leaders, and non-responsive isolated persons remain who are passive (Bass, 1954). If trying to align the values of members of an organization with the good of all stakeholders is unethical , then it is unethical to contingently reward prison inmates with time off for good behavior or for transformational teachers to move pupils to internalize the values of good citizenship for the benefit of society. â€Å"Libertarians would agree that one’s life plans are paramount but they are close to espousing anarchy as are the OD extremists who charge immorality if the transformational leader intervenes in the individual follower’s life plans†(Bass, 1998A, p. 79). With this line of thinking that it is immoral to align the values and behavio

My Thoughts About Science

â€Å"Thoughts About Science† by Robert Sager, write a one-half to one page (no longer) reflective essay on your thoughts about science and environmental science. Reading â€Å"Thoughts About Science† intrigued my research towards what science really is. Whether or not someone may believe that the earth started out with a great boom, the amount of research we have today about why we can survive living on this planet explains other theories.The scientific method shows how we can take thoughts and turn them into facts with a reasonable ay of doing so. I think the scientific method is great to use as humans because it involves tons Of research and not just a thought we claim is true. Questioning our mind and putting it into actions such as testing if the thought may be true or not shows we can explain our reason here on earth.Although there are many other contradictions, such as religious and cultural beliefs, I think as humans we have to accept scientific facts in our liv es because it makes up our development of humankind. Without science, we could be living in a world where all humans die because we don't know how to survive n terms of what to do if we get a fever, what to do to nourish our bodies and so forth. Science, in my opinion, is all about testing hypothesis so that we can better ourselves.Some scientists may go back to a hypothesis or theory that was proven a long time ago, yet touch back on it to see if we can improve a certain formula / truth. Think science helps our environment because the environment has so many factors that we need in order to survive (animals, plants, heat, etc). Knowing that we need these through the help of science will better ourselves even if we go through negative times where a thought may not be able to be proven.

Philosophy Exam Essay

I believe that the quote â€Å"Education makes music out of the noise that fills life† has a broader meaning to it than it first appears. People would first think of simply the context of it and conclude that it makes no sense, however, to me I think it means that through everyday life, knowing and really  understanding  what’s going on and knowing how to do things really makes everything flow and brings joy to yours and possibly others lives. Education puts together the pieces of life, if you didn’t life wouldn’t seem quite; It’s like music having no notes, having no certain rythm or pattern. It just wouldn’t make sense, but someone who knows music could come along and make the song flow smoothly, which was learnt through education and the will to understand and learn. 2. Philosophy is the love of wisdom. The need to learn and really understand what is going on around you and in your life. It’s knowing who you are and realizing what’s really important. There is no way of avoiding philosophy, it’s in peoples everyday lives. Everyday, even if you don’t notice it you are making an ethical decision or spotting someone else doing something morally wrong and stepping in; or you could be thinking about your life and making some changes and thinking of what’s really important. Without philosophy, you would never truly know yourself. 3. In â€Å"The Apology† written by Plato, Socrates really embodies the definition philosophy as â€Å"philo-sophia†. The term â€Å"philo-sophia† literally means the love of wisdom; and in â€Å"The Apology† Socrates is sacrificing himself for wisdom. He is being true to himself even when put on a death sentence and speaking for his life, he says the honest truth. As quoted by Socrates â€Å"and he only gives you the appearance of happiness, and I give you the reality. †. He always spoke what was right and even when people accused him of being crazy, he never was shaken by these comments. Even when he knew by saying such things may lose him votes, he said what was knowledgable and true. Quote by Socrates â€Å"I shall never alter my ways, not even if I have to die many times†¦ †. He gave wisdom to those around him in with his last breaths, and had no regrets. 4. Making an assertion, is much different from making an argument. When you make an assertion you are stating something and automatically saying there is no way you’re wrong. You’re saying your opinion without evidence or reasoning to back it up and prove you’re right. While making an argument is suggesting at the same time as stating your opinion  with  evidence and reason to back it up. One argument I remember in class is is if love is the only rational act. Many people believed it wasn’t the only rational act, but in my opinion it is. Real love is feeling the same way about another person endlessly and unconditionally. You see their flaws and still love them, waiting for them and spending time with them isn’t a burden to you. You enjoy time in the  now  when you are with them and you care for them as much as you care about yourself. Love is the only thing that seperates us from all other living things. 5. Knowledge is something all philosophers seek. It is a properly justified true belief. There are two components to knowledge; The first is belief. This is an important component to knowledge because beliefs make up who are, they chart our everyday lives and if we didn’t believe something, we wouldn’t do it and it wouldn’t be knowledge. The second component is truth. If the thing you believe isn’t true, than it is not knowledgable nor is it a proper belief. that is why, knowledge is a  properly justified  belief. 6. It is impossible to be an absolute skeptic because skeptics doubt everything and question everything. So, how can a skeptic be sure of his words? Without believing that his words are truer than others, he can’t even formulate his questions or challenges. If they didn’t believe anything, wouldn’t they have to believe that? Believe that nothing is true and that they themselves don’t believe anything? Therefore, it is impossible. Belief is inevitable in life. 7. I believe the quote â€Å"When you want to believe in something you also have to believe in everything that’s necessary for believing it† means that to truly believe something, you have to believe everything that comes along with it. Every detail and reason to why that belief is true, you also have to believe it. It relates to world view because a worldview is all of   your beliefs all compiled into one big belief of everything. In order to truly believe in your worldview, you have to believe everything else about it. A personal belief I have that illustrates this is my belief that Heaven is real. In order for me to truly believe it’s real I also have to believe in God, and in order to believe in god I have to believe that Satan is real, which would also require I believe there is a Hell. Which would also lead to believing that when you die you truly are judged for your life. One belief comes with many others. 8. â€Å"Is it correct? †, â€Å"Is it complete†, and â€Å"Is it coherent† are the three tests to measure a persons worldview. If you omit any of these tests, your worldview wouldn’t be true. You would damage your worldview or end up making it completely destroyed. 9. The Principle of Belief and Conservation are reasons why you should and/or shouldn’t believe something/ a proposition. Taking a stand towards a belief would require you doubting a lot of your current beliefs; you have no good reason or doubt all these beliefs; and no compelling reason to take a stand on the new proposition. When they beliefs pass their own test, everyone believes it to be true because there isn’t a way anyone can prove different. The Principle of Belief and Conservation cannot be used when trying to prove that Sense experience, Memory, or Testimony is true. It can only prove Basic Beliefs. 10. What William James meant by â€Å"Precursive Faith† is not just sitting back and waiting for the world to show us what is really true. You have to believe before you have evidence that is is really true, you must embrace all the truth you can. Taking this more positive approach will open you up to new things and experiences and discovering more beliefs. A time I had to use precursive faith was when I was little, even though now it doesn’t seem like a big deal, to me it was then. I had a pet fish I loved a lot and it got sick, and to cure it we had to give it this medicine that could either save its life or make the death come faster. I had to believe it would work, because if I didn’t do it my fish would die; and even though it could cause its death, it could also save it. So we gave the medicine to it and thankfully it cured the sickness. If I didn’t take this leap of faith, I would have lost something important to me. 11. The Virtue Theory relates to the idea of teleology for the human life because the virtue theory is if you are interested in true happiness, you must aim for all the virtues, which are certain charasteristics all human beings have. Encouraging and having these qualaties lead to human flourishing and a truly good and happy person. it relates too teleology because it is when you do something good and you hit the target and you fufilled your purpose, which in the end would make you happy. Therefore, when portraying one of the virtues that are necessary into being happy, and something good coming out of it you are â€Å"Hitting the target† and you are a good person. 12. A truly virtuous action must consider the motive, the action, and the context because in order for it to be truly good you must be aiming for something good and expecting something good. If you are being kind, only to get something you want is not virtuous. If you are being Loving someone just for there money, or you are saving a cat from a tree just so people can see you as a good person; it is not truly virtuous and doesn’t make you a good person. 13. â€Å"Money buys Happiness†   is not true in my opinion. Although money may buy you expensive things you want, food you love, the newest trend that â€Å"you must have† because everyone has it, it won’t make you truly happy. You may be happy when you get it, but does it really make you a happier person? You can’t buy your way through life, you can’t buy things and expect people to love you and really want to be with you. They may act like it, but not for you, for your money. When you are lonely and need someone to talk to, can you really buy someone who truly wants to listen and be there for you? Can you buy a wife or husband who will truly love you? No, and without affection and care from others, you cannot live a truly happy life. 14. I think the three most important characteristics of a philosopher are Openness, Truthfulness, and Boldness. A philosopher has many beliefs and has any of his or her own reasons to believe them, but if another person says something which makes more sense than what they believed, they must have  openness  and listen and possibly believe this new idea. The things philosophers believe must be true and have a good reason behind it, and when asked philosophers must state their true belief and have true reason behind it; that is why Philos ophers must havetruthfulness. Lastly, Philosophers must have  boldness  because if everyone else goes against his or her opinion, he musn’t back down just because the majority disagrees. He has to be bold and confident and stand for his ideas if he has better reason to believe so. 15. Plato stated that â€Å"Philosophy begins with Wonder†. I think he stated this because without wonder, nobody would have questions. And without questions, nobody would have anything to have an opinion; which would result in nobody striving for truth. And philosophy without truth isn’t complete. Two things I wonder about which spark philosophical reflection are, what is truly good, and what is my purpose in life.

Hcs 325

Week – 3 Importance of Teams Murugareddy Pattiputtur University of Phoenix HCS/325 Dawn Sienkiewicz November 10, 2012 Abstract Teams are formed when individuals with a common taste, preference, liking, and attitude come and work together for a common goal. Teams play a very important role in organizations as well as our personal lives. Teamwork is essential for competing in today's global arena, where individual perfection is not as desirable as a high level of collective performance.In knowledge based enterprises, teams are the norm rather than the exception. A critical feature of these teams is that they have a significant degree of empowerment, or decision-making authority. There are many different kinds of teams: top management teams, focused task forces, self-directed teams, concurrent engineering teams, product/service development and/or launch teams, quality improvement teams, and so on. Importance of Teams Introduction: â€Å"Coming together is a beginning. Keeping to gether is progress.Working together is success-Henry Ford† The above proverb by Henry Ford highlights the importance of working together in teams. Team work is very essential as every employee will be dependent on his fellow employees to work together and contribute efficiently to the organization. No employee can work alone; he has to take the help of his colleagues to accomplish the tasks efficiently. It has been observed that the outcome comes out to be far better when employees work in a team rather than individually as every individual can contribute in his best possible way.In organizations, individuals having a similar interest and specializations come together on a common platform and form a team. Teamwork is essential in the provision of healthcare. The division of labor among medical, nursing and allied health practitioners means that no single professional can deliver a complete episode of healthcare. In healthcare, where patient outcomes are dependent on effective interdisciplinary teamwork, there is need for better preparation of health professionals in teamwork.To improve the efficiency and customer service in my department, I would first identify and define the problem; secondly I would try generating and evaluating alternate and possible courses of action to understand in which areas they would need help on, thirdly based on a situation choosing a preferred and a relevant solution will be given, fourthly the solution will be implemented and finally to evaluate the results to see the outcomes.Teams are essential to health care because it has been suggested that â€Å"each team member's abilities, skills experience, attitudes, values, role perceptions and personality – all the things that make a person unique and they also determine what they are willing and able to contribute, their level of motivation, methods of interaction with other group members and degree of acceptance of group norms and the organization's goals†Teamwor k is important in industries like aviation to ensure flights land safely, the military uses it to protect the country, finance professionals need to practice it to keep the nation’s economy running smoothly, the auto racing unit teamwork is essential to change all 4 tires by a team. Overall, in any industry that requires reliable human performance, teamwork is a necessity. Lessons from other industries in healthcare: Teamwork in industries like aviation, healthcare, military and other industries is extremely important and crucial as reliability of human erformance is needed. It is important because the consequences of an error is very severe in those industries. A major chunk of errors is because of communication and teamwork problems. Teamwork is not only effective at saving lives but also to ensure the organization does well and is competitive , if not you lose the competitive edge overtime and eventually disappear from the market. Planning is an important organization proc ess required for problem solving. Successful managing requires thorough planning.Planning is the process of deciding exactly what you, your team, or your department wants to accomplish and how to best go about meeting your goals. Planning is the foundation on which all other managerial responsibilities rest. Health care organizations face pressures and challenges from many sources, all of which increase the importance of good planning. In today’s ever-changing work environment, good planning offers a number of benefits and advantages for your employees, your teammates, and even your own career.The 5 steps to planning which supports problem solving are: Step 1: Identify and define the problem – Problem symptoms usually signal the presence of a performance deficiency or opportunity. During this step, it’s important to assess the situation properly by looking beyond symptoms to find out what is really happening. Step 2: Generate and evaluate possible courses of act ion – At this stage, Involving others during this planning stage is critical in order to develop a range of solutions, get the most out of available information, and build future commitment for the plan.Step 3: Choose a preferred solution – At this stage, its important to make a decision and select a particular course of action. Exactly how you make a decision and who may need to weigh in on the decision varies for each planning situation Step 4: Implement the solution – At this stage, it’s important to establish and implement appropriate actions to meet your final goal. This is the stage at which you finally set directions and initiate problem-solving actions. Step 5: Evaluate results – And finally at this stage, it’s necessary to compare the accomplishments with the original objectives.If the desired results are not achieved, the process must be reviewed and renewed to allow for corrective actions References Lombardi, D. N. , & Schermerhor n, J. R. (2007). Health care management: Tools and techniques for managing in a health care environment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Farrington, J. (2008). The importance of working together with your team. Retrieved from http://www. projectsmart. co. uk/the-importance-of-working-together-with-your-team. html Kotelnikov, V. (2010, November 22). Team building & teamwork. Retrieved from http://www. 000ventures. com/business_guide/crosscuttings/team_main. html Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology, Inc (2012) Retrieved from http://www. siop. org/Media/News/teamwork. aspx Salas E, Rozell, Drew, Mullen B, Driskell JE (1999). The effect of team building on performance: an integration. Small Group Research.. Knight D, Durham CC, Locke EA (2001)- The relationship of team goals, incentives, and efficacy to strategic risk, tactical implementation and performance. Academy of Management Journal. *************************

Final for HS 5900 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final for HS 5900 - Essay Example Adult education curriculum and content varies from country to country, community to another and between contents, this is because the need for the education varies. Specifically, adult education varies in content like educating adults who have no high school diploma by imparting that level skills to earn a diploma. Some adults are illiterate in language (reading and writing) and basic math. It takes the initiative of the government and civil society to deliver education to those who are illiterate. During times of unemployment, employees can go through education sessions to keep them busy, when they are hired back, they have the skills to continue. There are those who need skills n a trade like welding, masonry, art, carpentry, technicians and community development. There could be adults with jobs and would wish to improve skills specific to the job to earn promotion or retention in case of downsizing. Historically, original forms of adult were aimed at enabling the adults to read an d write while doing bible studies after it was widely accepted to be read. During agrarian and industrial revolution, adult education was meant to equip the population with skills to work in farms, stores and factories. There are five philosophies in adult education; liberal, progressive, behavioral, humanistic and radical. The role of adult education in every situation will determine the category under which the philosophy will be characterized. For example, liberal is meant to impart principles and absolutes aimed at well-rounded perspective of the world lasting a lifetime. In progressive, learners gain problem-solving skills relating to their lives to provide practical skills out of the experience of the learner (Jarvis 111). Behavioral philosophy, as the name suggests, is to promote behavioral change and skill development with the education environment being structured. The learners have no input in the setting of the objectives, their role being to master every skill before mov ing to the next. Humanistic philosophy is meant to foster personal growth and development by involving the learner in knowledge construction and self development. The learner is motivated and directs the learning process. The last philosophy is radical where education is used as a means to bring about fundamental changes socially, economically, politically and culturally. It is meant to empower individuals to fight for change and raise awareness on issues of social justice to bring about a revolution. The learner here is a voluntary participant in the process with teachers holding equal status as them as they are merely facilitating support for the status quo challenge. In all these diversities, adult education has to remain as they are as they serve different roles for different individuals. It might be expensive for sponsors of the system, but the objective is far greater than the costs of not educating the adults. Religion would not have reached many as it is today and agrarian a nd industrial revolution would not have succeeded. Social change cannot be realized, and political autocracy will continue. Currently, there are dynamic changes in the global stage in information, economic shifts, technology, and politics. It is happening at farfetched locations, far from the control of any power referred to as globalization. The ambivalent impact it brings along poses a great challenge to

Jewish philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jewish philosophy - Essay Example The main objective of these philosophers was to revive the principles of Jewish religion. It was also realized that the course of direction of Jewish religion has to be tremendously changed with the advancement of time period to attract the new groups of people. In this context, the efforts of Jacques Derrida and Emmanuel Levinas for reviving the Judaism are noteworthy. Derrida is more cautious in explaining the meaning of Jewish philosophy in comparison to that of Levinas. It might be mainly because of the reason that he intends to convince the people that there appears some element of hesitation and undecidebility which we cannot avoid. He is more emphasizing on the truth that one cannot make Jewish religion popular by telling untruth. He is more open to reveal that the Jewish philosophy has some element of confusion and then tries to convince people that they have to accept it in its own form. In this process, he uses the word â€Å" relevant† translation which means that the translation of Jewish philosophy has to be done originally and accurately with out any deviation (Jacques derrida and Lawrence Venutti, 2001) At the same time, Derrida is skeptical about the successful implementation of new forms of non-violence. He is explaining the difficulty of implementing violence free world and his further argument was to convince people that i t has become a regular practice to experience some for of violence in the present day society. He also didn’t believe in totalism and exposes the element of suffering. He also interpreted that the affirmation of ghosts was not an ideal measure it poses a threat in the form of human violence and it obstructs the human conscience. On the other hand, Levinas concentrated on the theory that the Jewish religion can be spread effectively by way of translation, transmission and conveyance of Jewish tradition in easily understandable manner. Levinas believed in some form of implementation of non-violence in the present day

What Makes a Good Leader (Organisational Behaviour) Essay

What Makes a Good Leader (Organisational Behaviour) - Essay Example In contemporary times, we tend to understand and relate to ‘leadership’ in relation to management of people for attaining specific goals. A comprehensive concept of leadership can be obtained by learning about Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. This report evaluates Lincoln’s leadership qualities, as explained in literature on politics, history and management, in comparison with conventional and contemporary leadership theories. Methods: Numerous concepts and theories of leadership exist in the management literature. Northouse (2009) has clubbed various leadership theories into understandable concepts, which include the trait, management, skills, style, situation, transformational, authentic leadership, psychodynamic theory etc. In this report, Lincoln’s leadership based on these theories and perspectives is evaluated in a concise manner. Results: From skills perspective, Tarbell (2008) points out that Lincoln’s efforts in spee ch making started during his childhood and used to attend court sessions to learn law. He had the ability to attract crowds by initiating story telling acts, which were highly appreciated by the crowds. Lincoln was greatly drawn towards gaining knowledge and understanding of politics, history, as well as great leadership of people such as Washington (Charnwood, 2008). According to Curtis (1902), ‘Abraham Lincoln's originality, fearlessness, and self- confidence, his unerring perceptions of right and wrong, made him a leader and gave him an influence which other men did not have† (p.371). Northouse (2009) highlights five types of power that leaders exercise namely, referent, expert, legitimate, reward and coercive power, all of which were exercised by Lincoln. From leadership traits theory perspective, Lincoln’s leadership can be compared with Stodgill’s postulation of leadership traits (see appendix 1). In fact, Northouse (2009) explains that trait theories of leadership are based on the innate qualities and characteristics possessed by great leaders of the past, of which Lincoln is also one. The skills perspective emphasizes three main competencies, problem-solving skills, social judgment skills and knowledge. Abraham Lincoln’s skills of communicating, inspiring, immense knowledge and the way he handled the civil war are exemplary of his unmatchable leadership skills. His strategic way of handling the civil war after he was elected as the President paved successful ending of the war (Wilson, 2008), especially when he did not have any experience of handling war. Moreover, his knowledge, people connect, and ability to influence and inspire helped in this situation. Lincoln’s leadership style is believed to be flexible and also firm, and it depended upon the situation. Phillips (2007) explains that Lincoln was remarkably consistent during his Presidency, which was replicated to his cabinet members’ actions and decis ions. Here, he was also directive and encouraging. He encouraged involvement from others in critical decision making processes, especially those related to the civil war. Phillips (2007) explains, ‘Lincoln was a leader who would not and did not limit himself† (p.78); this indicates his flexibility and commitment towards his responsibilities and ambition. These two skills are considered as essential skills for leaders. On the leadership grid, proposed by Blake and Mouton, Lincoln can be placed in Team management grid because of

Lerisure and Tourism Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lerisure and Tourism Marketing - Essay Example The principal analysis reveals that property in most of Darebin's suburbs is historically undervalued and this continues to attract residents and others from neighbouring regions to come and settle in the city. This trend is not strong enough to enable vigorous socio-economic development of the city, which is found to be disadvantaged in comparison to many other municipal council areas of Australia. So the report prepares a marketing strategy whereby this unique advantage Darebin has is utilised. The principal component of the strategy is to induce existing and lure outside investors, builders, architects, designers, property agents and others related to the trade to develop property in Darebin so that built-up space at attractive prices can be sold to outsiders. This venture is expected to generate employment as well as other local economic activities that can, together, benefit Darebin's disadvantaged population and uplift them to a higher status. Also, finally, the report states that it has been thoroughly responsible in seeking solutions that will benefit the existing population within Darebin instead of pushing them off somewhere else while replacing them with affluent outsiders.Contents 1. Introduction 4 1.1 SWOT Analysis: Significance 4-6 2. The Macro-Environment 6 2.1 Darebin Trends 7-9 2.2 Special Note 9 3. SWOT Analysis 9-11 4. Key Marketing Objectives 11 5. Conclusion 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Word Count: 2892 (Including headings) 1. Introduction The City of Darebin may be taken to be a large municipality located in the northern suburbs of Melbourne in the state of Victoria, Australia. It is a local government area and comprises of 53 square kilometers (Darebin, Wikipedia, 2006). The city had a population of approximately 131,000 people (2002 Census) but the population is increasing. The local council website notes that though the area has been governed since the earliest times when white settlers set up their homes in the greater Melbourne area the modern City of Darebin was formed in June, 1994. It was formed by the amalgamation of the Cities of Preston, Northcote and small parts of the Cities of Coburg, Heidelberg and Diamond Valley (Darebin City Council, History Section, 2006). Since it is germane to the purpose of the report the exact geographical location of the municipality is being given. As mentioned earlier the city lies to the immediate north of Melbourne within the inner and middle metropolitan areas. It is bounded in the south by Heidelberg Road, to the north by Mahoneys Road, in the east by Darebin Creek and in the west by Merri Creek. It is comprised of seven principal suburbs of Kingsbury,

Science Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science Questions - Essay Example Living systems in a region may contain wetlands, prairies, coral reefs, rainforests, tundra, or the canopy of an old growth forest. Ecosystem services would comprise the capability of nature to assimilate waste, turn sunlight into edible plants, and create oxygen. With in this natural source we can be able to come up of a natural income. There are lots of natural capitals that can be a source of natural income. An example of natural capital is the water get from springs which are then processed and purified and be sold as mineral or distilled water. This kind of natural capital and natural income can be able to sustain resource by preserving the natural resource itself. The company that sells this drinking water can put up their business site where they get their water. They can make strategies to put up the building in such a way that it will also look like a resort to customers. They will take care of the trees and the water flowing there so that it can replenish itself. Cleanliness should also be maintained and the owner should establish ecological ethics to refrain from any environmental issues that may lead to the downfall of the business. In this way, it will be attractive for customers to come along and buy the product. According to Wikipedia (2006), primary production is is the fixation of light energy into chemical compounds (the construction of sugars from CO2 and water; photosynthesis). Gross primary production then refers to the total amount of energy fixed by plants (the primary producers). This energy can then be used by plants to generate new biomass; growing. While net productivity according to Kimball’s Biology Page (2004) refers to the amount of energy trapped in organic matter during a particular interval at a given trophic level. The quantity of the trapped energy of the plants (net productivity) will then be processed (H2O, CO2, and sunlight) by plants into starch is called primary gross. Biodiversity has been

A report on a piece of qualitative research - The Impact of Price Essay

A report on a piece of qualitative research - The Impact of Price Changes on the Brand Equity of Toyota in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The focus groups participated in a price simulation exercise followed by interviews. The price simulation exercise exposed the participants to price changes to their preferred vehicle and observed how they responded to those changes. The follow-up interviews were calculated to determine why the participants responded as they did to the price changes in the price simulation exercise. Research findings indicate that most customers will at the very least consider an alternative brand when confronted with a price change. However, the more affluent and loyal customers will not change brands when price changes are insignificant and are reasonable. These results are analyzed by reference to a conceptual framework drawn from the work of Villargeo-Ramos and Sanchez (2005) and Yoo, Donthu, and Lee (2000) who established a link between marketing communications and brand equity including brand awareness, brand association, brand loyalty and perceived brand quality. The results of this study conf irm that price changes as a marketing communication strategy is received and interpreted in the context of the different dimensions of brand equity. This is a qualitative case study that investigates the responses of consumers in Saudi Arabia when experiencing sudden price adjustments to the leading models in automobile categories of small sedans, medium sedans, and small SUVs in Saudi Arabia. In particular this qualitative case study seeks to determine from the perspective of Saudi Arabian consumers the extent that price influences their purchasing behavior; the impact of price changes on the brand equity of Toyota in the context of brand awareness, brand association, brand loyalty, and perceived quality; and whether or not effective price management would improve or maintain Toyota’s competitive edge in Saudi Arabia’s market. This chapter will explain the research methodology used for achieving the goals of this research study and the justifications for the methodology

Compare and Contrast Liberalism and Socialism Essay

Compare and Contrast Liberalism and Socialism - Essay Example Liberalism on the other hand is a philosophy which is linked or associated with ideas like the individual liberty and equality. Liberalism started in the 17th century though some argue that it has roots much earlier than that. Marcus Aurelius, the emperor of Rome recognized a government which gave freedom of speech and equal rights to all its citizens (Antoninus 3).  It is often difficult to define liberalism because of its diversity and different forms (Young 24) but liberalism has attracted both, support and criticism from people with various thoughts and ideologies. In Northern America, liberalism  most nearly refers to  social liberalism  in contemporary politics. The  Liberal Party  is pointed to be a modern-liberal party (Puddington 142).  Liberalism in The United States of America  traces its history when Franklin Roosevelt was the president of the country. The  New Deal   initiated by Franklin Roosevelt influenced many American presidents in the future inc luding John F. Kennedy. Kennedy was a liberal himself and he said, "a liberal is someone who looks ahead and not behind, someone who welcomes new ideas without rigid reactions and someone who cares about the welfare of the people" (Alterman 32). When Barack Obama won the presidential elections in the year 2008, the economic ties led to the re establishment of social liberalism (Wolfe xiv) In the late 20th century, the â€Å"post industrial economy† created doubts among many about socialism which was in response to the industrial capitalism. During this era, information technology was given a higher bar than labor and material. Because of the doubt, many politicians adopted a â€Å"third way† which would preserve socialism and prevent the class based politics. Politicians who worked towards the promotion of socialism and hence the development of industrial growth includes Tony Blair, Bill Clinton and Wim Kok. (Ball & Dagger). The foremost principle of liberalism is indi vidual freedom. This freedom must be exercised in all phases of life as well as under all political and economic conditions. Socialism on the other hand presses upon an individual’s sociability. It minimizes competition and increases cooperation. Some socialists claim that when humans exploit other humans, the reason for poverty emerges through selfish motives and self interests. Thus, socialism is extremely important for the existence of markets and institutions as it promotes change. With respect to socialism, the role of the government is to make sure that the wealth is being fairly distributed among the masses. Socialism’s most important principle will only be achieved when all the workers of a state will have the same opportunity for economic equality. The relationship between socialism and liberalism is not certain. Socialism began in the 19th century with some strong ideologies and by the writings of Marx. Like liberalism, socialism also broke into many movement s after it was found (Grigsby 119).  Karl Marx did not accept the fundamental aspects of liberalism and also hoped to erase the differences between an individual and the society (Koerner 9). The allocation of resources used towards the making of useful products is socialism. The commodities or

The Genesis and Presentation Essay Example for Free

The Genesis and Presentation Essay Orwells point through Winston is that those who care are insufficient on their own, a singly party state of the tyrannical nature of Ingsoc can only be overcome by a combined effort of the people: an uprising of the proles, Winston stands alone and is so crushed beneath the boot of Big Brother. Winstons shares Orwells frustration over the matter of the proletariat, Orwell felt that he could see the world letting its freedom slide into the hands of a select few, he knew that it could be stopped if only people could be convinced that they were losing their liberty. However he also felt that this decent into totalitarian control was inevitable and that the people of the world could never be persuaded to take a stand, we can see this through the words of OBrien when he is torturing Winston: The programme it sets forth is nonsense. The secret accumulation of knowledge a gradual spread of enlightenment- ultimately a proletarian rebellion- the overthrow of the Party It is all nonsense, the proletarians will never revolt, not in thousand years of a million. They cannot The rule of the party is forever, make that the starting-point for your thoughts. 18 Julia is of a similar caste to Winston, in that she represents the politicly active, however she is representative not of those who are benevolently crusading for justice and freedom, instead she represents those who rebel selfishly. She fights for her own good, for physical pleasure, not intellectual freedom as Winston does. Orwell uses her to illustrate another point: she does not require nearly so much reindoctrination at the conclusion of the novel, this is because she is not as true a political activist in Orwells mind. The point he is trying to show the reader through her existence is that those whose dissent is selfish are merely superficially seditious, and their political convictions are irrelevant. Again he shows us that those who stand alone cannot succeed against a totalitarian state. Through Julia and Winston as a pair Orwell demonises the state by showing that it destroys love. The last thing within Winston that is torn from him is his love of Julia, and it is at this point that he makes the change from Man to Shell. The last character OBrien in description seems calm, reasonable, manipulative and easy to talk to, he is glib and quick witted. He is Orwells representative of the Party, he is almost Satanic in the way that he converts and perverts those that try to battle wits with him, he is insidious in spreading the propaganda of the party and converting, then destroying those who rebel. Harbinger of pain and suffering, he is the penultimate evil and representative of all that Orwell hates. Orwell makes him out to be despicable, obviously he is psychopathic, without feeling or remorse, and his sense of morality is so twisted that it is barely recognisable as human sentiment, but Orwells technique goes further than this, he even describes him as physically ugly: There were pouches under the eyes, the skin sagged away from the cheekbones However the Authors purpose in creating OBrien is to primarily to allow him to explore the political message that he wants to write of in more detail. Whilst a generic and simplistic political message such as Totalitarian systems are bad is a relatively simple to encode into the plot of a text such as this, it is far more complex if the author wishes to discuss the specifics of politics. As Orwell was primarily an essayist he was not used to showing his beliefs in such a generalised way as a conventional political fiction would allow, so it was necessary to find a way to examine the political doctrine of a centralised economy in detail, but more than that it needed to be accessible to the average reader. It was with these needs in mind that Orwell devised OBriens role in the plot, it is his discussions with Winston over the party politics that Orwell uses to explore these concepts with the reader. When OBrien explains, it is Orwell who wants to show the reader something. For example Orwell uses OBrien to present his thesis that power is not a means, it is an end. Orwell took great pride in writing prose like a window-pane, he believed in a similar doctrine of writing to Gustave Flaubert, in that a writer should appear no more in his work than God does in nature. However where Flaubert was trying to write a realist novel, Orwells work is more naturalistic in its style. The descriptions are clipped and precise, and flowery language is not to be found within the pages of the novel. His dry, clipped style adds perfectly to the anguish he describes in his foretelling of the future. The book is primarily dominated by narrative, Orwell is only interested in Winstons conversations so far as they serve his political purpose, and outside the Ministry of Love, almost all of Winstons conversations are too censored to show any political belief whatsoever. Therefore Orwell is forced to focus his work on the thoughts of Winston to explore his political ideas. There are certain themes that Orwell uses to better portray the ideas that he wishes to explore. Primarily there is the theme of the destruction of love, Family love: between Winstons family, and between the Parsons family who live next door. Sexual love: between Julia and Winston. Platonic love: between friends. All these ideals the Party has destroyed. This is just a fairly simple way for Orwell to engender a hate for the Party in his reader, a hate which would enhance Orwells political message on the evils of totalitarianism. Other more subtle metaphors and literary methods that Orwell uses are: the glass paperweight is used to represent freedom from the Party. It is bought when Winston first begins to deviate from the Party doctrine, and it is finally smashed by the guard when Winston is captured. Here we see that the coral, like his freedom, was actually far smaller than it appeared within the glass. Through the same area of the book the Rhyme of St Clements is used by Orwell to establish a growing tension, and is symbolic of the inevitable end to Julia and Winstons affair. This happens because as one reads the text the reader doubtless remembers the full poem, knowing the final line Here comes a chopper to chop off your head, it is hard to relax as one sees its approach. This increase in tension serves Orwells political purpose he wishes to focus the reader on the helplessness before the Party that Winston and Julia are victim to, the feeling that their defeat is inevitable adds to this, and is furthered by Orwells use of the Rhyme. Above all Orwells literary methods serve to create a book that has stood as one of the greatest political writings of all time, these techniques have allowed Orwell to write a novel that is impossible to read without being changed forever. Merely skimming through the text for the sake of escapism, which surely was never Orwells purpose, it is inevitable that Orwells political beliefs will leave their mark on the reader. This novel has spawned a thousand fictions of its type, and many great works such as the novel A Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood or the film Brazil owe their lineage to the work of Orwell. More than this the ideas that his idea of language as explored in the book have influenced the English tongue forever, words such as Doublethink and Newspeak will go down in the dictionary for all time, as will an adjective that I think he would be proud of Orwellian. However the scope of influence of Nineteen Eighty-four goes beyond literature even beyond language, to the very subject on which he was commenting. Nineteen Eighty-four changed politics forever, Orwells warning, along with others of the time was indeed heeded, and humanity was diverted from a path that could easily have been as self-destructive as that described in the novel. I believe that congratulations are in order to the great man George Orwell for producing a political fiction that has eternally changed mankind, Thankyou. 19 Matt Jackson Bibliography Greenblatt, S. Three modern Satirists: Waugh, Orwell, and Huxley. C1965 Yale University Press. Orwell, G.Letter to Francis A. Henson (extract) [New York Times book review, 31st July 1949. ] [Life, 25th July 1949] Orwell, G. Politics and the English Language Horizon, April 1946 Burnham, J. The Managerial Revolution 1941; John Day Co. Orwell, G. Letter to Roger Senhouse 26th December 1948 Ranald, R. A. George Orwells 1984,1965; Monarch Press. Zamyatin, Yevgeny. We 1972 Penguin (First published in English in the USA 1924) Orwell, G. Letter to F. J. Warburg 31st May 1947 Orwell, G. Nineteen Eighty-four; 1949, Secker and Warburg Distopia [online] [cited 27/03/2002]. Available on the World Wide Web URL: http://www. geocities. com/Athens/Delphi/1634/Distopia. html Rucco, A. A Text Response Guide to George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-four. 1993 Wizard books. 1 Greenblatt, S. Three modern Satirists: Waugh, Orwell, and Huxley. (p. 66) 2 Orwell, G. Letter to Francis A. Henson (extract) [New York Times book review, 31st July 1949. ] [Life, 25th July 1949] 3 Greenblatt, S. Loc. cit. (p. 66) 4 Orwell, G. Politics and the English Language Horizon, April 1946. 5 Burnham, J. The Managerial Revolution 6 Orwell, G. Letter to Roger Senhouse 26th December 1948 7 Ranald, R. George Orwells 1984 (p. 119) 8 Zamyatin, Y. We 1972 Penguin 9 Orwell, G. Letter to F. J. Warburg 31st May 1947 10 Orwell G. Nineteen Eighty-four; 1949 11 ibid. 12 Orwell, G. Letter to Francis A. Henson; loc. cit 13 Distopia [online] [cited 27/03/2002] 14 Yea I need to dig up a couple of references here I know I am working on it; the only catch is I cannot actually remember where I read half this stuff. :(15 Orwell, G. Nineteen Eighty-four Loc. cit. 16 Ok, this idea is essentially one of my own, but it was extrapolated from a point that you made in conversation the other day, I would like to reference this if I can, any suggestions on how to do it? 17 Rucco, A. A Text Response Guide to George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-four 18 Orwell G. Nineteen Eighty-four Loc. cit. 19 Sorry I will do something about the conclusion, I know its wanky but it is 2. 30 in the morning and I think I am losing the ability to construct coherent sentences.